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| Quality | 0 | 0 |
| Ecosystem | 0 | 0 |
| Match Graph | 0 | 0 |
| Pricing | Paid | Paid |
| Starting Price | $4.00e-7 per prompt token | $6.00e-7 per prompt token |
| Capabilities | 9 decomposed | 11 decomposed |
| Times Matched | 0 | 0 |
Generates coherent text across 200K token context windows using a Mixture-of-Experts architecture with 1 trillion total parameters and 32 expert routing. The MoE design activates only task-relevant expert subsets per token, reducing computational overhead while maintaining semantic consistency across extended conversations, documents, and code. Supports 40+ languages with unified tokenization and cross-lingual reasoning.
Unique: Uses sparse Mixture-of-Experts routing with 32 expert subsets to handle 200K context windows efficiently — only activates relevant experts per token rather than dense forward passes, enabling cost-effective long-context inference at trillion-parameter scale
vs alternatives: Outperforms dense models like GPT-4 on long-context tasks by 15-20% while maintaining lower inference latency through expert sparsity; supports 40+ languages natively unlike Claude which focuses on English-first design
Analyzes and generates code across 50+ programming languages by leveraging the MoE architecture to route code-specific experts for syntax-aware completion, refactoring, and bug detection. The model maintains structural understanding of code semantics through specialized expert pathways trained on diverse codebases, enabling context-aware suggestions that respect language idioms and architectural patterns.
Unique: Routes code generation through specialized expert subsets in the MoE architecture, enabling language-specific syntax awareness and architectural pattern recognition without separate fine-tuning per language — single unified model handles 50+ languages with context-aware idiom selection
vs alternatives: Handles polyglot codebases better than Copilot (which optimizes for Python/JavaScript) and maintains code semantics across 200K token contexts unlike Cursor which relies on local AST parsing with limited context
Performs chain-of-thought reasoning through extended token sequences by leveraging the MoE architecture to route reasoning-specific experts that specialize in logical decomposition, constraint satisfaction, and multi-step planning. The model can break complex problems into sub-tasks, track intermediate reasoning states, and validate solutions against constraints within a single inference pass across the 200K context window.
Unique: Dedicates specialized expert subsets within the MoE architecture to reasoning tasks, enabling structured chain-of-thought reasoning that maintains logical consistency across 200K tokens without requiring separate reasoning-specific model weights — single unified architecture handles both generation and reasoning
vs alternatives: Provides more transparent reasoning traces than GPT-4 (which uses hidden reasoning) and maintains reasoning coherence across longer problem decompositions than o1-mini due to extended context window and expert routing
Generates responses grounded in provided context documents by maintaining semantic alignment between input passages and output text, with optional citation markers indicating source spans. The model uses attention mechanisms to track information provenance through the 200K context window, enabling builders to implement retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) pipelines where external knowledge is injected as context and traced back to sources.
Unique: Maintains semantic alignment between context documents and generated text through attention mechanisms that track information provenance across 200K token windows, enabling native citation support without separate fine-tuning — builders can implement RAG by injecting context and parsing citation markers from standard text output
vs alternatives: Supports longer context documents than GPT-4 (200K vs 128K) for RAG applications, and provides more transparent citation mechanisms than Claude which uses footnote-style references with less granular source tracking
Maintains coherent conversation state across extended multi-turn exchanges by treating the entire conversation history as context within the 200K token window. The model preserves speaker identity, topic continuity, and implicit context from previous turns without requiring explicit state management, enabling natural dialogue flows where references to earlier statements are resolved automatically through attention mechanisms.
Unique: Leverages the 200K token context window to maintain full conversation history as implicit context without requiring explicit state machines or memory modules — attention mechanisms automatically resolve references and maintain coherence across extended dialogue without separate context encoding layers
vs alternatives: Supports 2-3x longer conversation histories than GPT-4 (200K vs 128K context) before requiring summarization, and maintains better coherence across topic switches than smaller models due to MoE expert routing for dialogue-specific reasoning
Generates structured data (JSON, XML, YAML) that conforms to specified schemas by incorporating schema constraints into the generation process through prompt engineering and output validation. The model can be instructed to produce machine-readable outputs for specific formats, enabling integration with downstream systems that require structured data without manual parsing or transformation.
Unique: Generates structured outputs through prompt-based schema specification rather than native schema enforcement, relying on the model's instruction-following capability to produce valid JSON/XML — builders implement validation in application layer rather than model layer
vs alternatives: More flexible than specialized extraction models (which require fine-tuning per schema) but less reliable than constrained decoding approaches (which guarantee schema validity) — trade-off between flexibility and correctness
Understands and translates between 40+ languages by leveraging unified multilingual embeddings and cross-lingual expert routing within the MoE architecture. The model maintains semantic equivalence across language pairs without requiring separate translation models, enabling builders to implement multilingual applications where language switching is transparent to the underlying reasoning and generation processes.
Unique: Routes translation through cross-lingual expert subsets in the MoE architecture, maintaining semantic equivalence across 40+ languages without separate translation models — unified architecture handles both translation and semantic understanding through shared multilingual embeddings
vs alternatives: Supports more language pairs natively than GPT-4 (40+ vs ~20) and maintains better semantic fidelity than specialized translation APIs (Google Translate, DeepL) for context-dependent translations due to full language understanding rather than phrase-based matching
Follows complex, multi-part instructions and adapts behavior based on system prompts and in-context examples through instruction-tuning mechanisms that enable the model to interpret and execute diverse tasks without task-specific fine-tuning. The model can switch between different personas, output formats, and reasoning styles based on explicit instructions, enabling builders to implement flexible AI systems that handle varied use cases through prompt engineering alone.
Unique: Implements instruction-following through attention mechanisms that weight instructions heavily in the generation process, enabling flexible task adaptation without model retraining — single model handles diverse tasks through prompt specification rather than task-specific fine-tuning
vs alternatives: More flexible than task-specific models (which require separate fine-tuning per task) and more reliable than smaller models (which struggle with complex instruction sets) due to the 1 trillion parameter scale and MoE expert routing for instruction interpretation
+1 more capabilities
GLM-4.5 uses a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture to dynamically route tokens through specialized expert networks based on input characteristics, enabling efficient processing of 128k-token contexts without proportional latency increases. The MoE design allows selective expert activation per token, reducing computational overhead while maintaining reasoning depth across extended conversations and multi-document analysis tasks typical of agent-based workflows.
Unique: Mixture-of-Experts routing specifically tuned for agent workloads rather than generic dense models; expert activation patterns are optimized for tool-use sequences and multi-step reasoning rather than general language tasks
vs alternatives: Outperforms dense models like GPT-4 Turbo on agent tasks within 128k context by routing computational budget to relevant experts, reducing latency and cost vs. models that process all tokens through identical layers
GLM-4.5 implements native function calling through a schema-based registry where tools are defined as JSON schemas with parameter constraints, type validation, and description metadata. The model learns to emit structured tool invocations that map directly to function signatures, enabling deterministic tool orchestration without post-processing or regex parsing. Integration with OpenRouter's API exposes this via standard function-calling parameters compatible with OpenAI's format.
Unique: Schema-based function calling is trained directly into the model weights rather than implemented as post-hoc decoding constraints, allowing the model to learn semantic relationships between tool purposes and input context during training
vs alternatives: More reliable than constraint-based function calling (e.g., Guidance, LMQL) because tool selection is learned rather than enforced, reducing parsing failures and enabling the model to reason about tool applicability
Z.ai: GLM 4.5 scores higher at 24/100 vs MoonshotAI: Kimi K2 0905 at 23/100.
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GLM-4.5 can be used for batch inference through OpenRouter's API, enabling cost-optimized processing of large numbers of requests. Batch processing typically offers reduced pricing compared to real-time API calls and is suitable for non-urgent inference tasks. The model can process batches of prompts efficiently, with results returned after processing completes. This is valuable for agents running scheduled tasks or processing large datasets.
Unique: Batch processing is offered through OpenRouter's unified API rather than a separate batch service, enabling seamless switching between real-time and batch modes with the same client code
vs alternatives: More cost-effective than real-time API for high-volume inference; simpler than managing separate batch infrastructure because OpenRouter handles queuing and result delivery
GLM-4.5 maintains coherent conversation state across turns by encoding prior messages into a compressed representation that persists within the 128k context window. The model uses attention mechanisms to selectively retrieve relevant prior context, enabling agents to reference earlier decisions, tool results, and user preferences without explicit memory management. This is particularly effective for agent workflows where state accumulation (e.g., task progress, discovered facts) must inform subsequent actions.
Unique: Implicit memory management through attention-based context selection rather than explicit memory modules; the model learns which prior turns are relevant without separate retrieval or summarization steps
vs alternatives: More efficient than explicit memory systems (e.g., LangChain's ConversationBufferMemory) because attention is computed once during inference rather than requiring separate retrieval and summarization passes
GLM-4.5 generates code across 40+ programming languages by leveraging training data that includes diverse codebases and syntax patterns. The model understands language-specific idioms, library conventions, and structural patterns (e.g., async/await in JavaScript, type hints in Python, generics in Java) without explicit language-specific modules. Generation is context-aware, respecting indentation, existing code style, and project conventions when completing or extending code snippets.
Unique: Language-agnostic code generation trained on diverse codebases rather than language-specific fine-tuning; the model generalizes syntax patterns across languages, enabling reasonable code generation even for less common languages
vs alternatives: Broader language coverage than specialized models like Codex (which emphasizes Python/JavaScript) but lower quality on niche languages compared to language-specific models; better for polyglot teams than single-language specialists
GLM-4.5 is trained on extensive technical documentation, API references, and code examples, enabling it to understand and reason about complex technical concepts, library APIs, and system architectures. The model can parse API schemas (OpenAPI, GraphQL, Protocol Buffers), understand parameter constraints and type systems, and generate code that correctly uses APIs based on documentation. This is particularly valuable for agent workflows that must interact with external systems.
Unique: Semantic understanding of API schemas and documentation is learned from training data rather than implemented as a separate schema parser; the model reasons about API semantics holistically
vs alternatives: More flexible than code-generation-only models because it understands API semantics and can reason about correctness; better than generic LLMs for technical tasks because training includes extensive API documentation
GLM-4.5 can generate responses that explicitly show reasoning steps, enabling transparency into how conclusions were reached. When prompted with chain-of-thought patterns, the model generates intermediate reasoning steps before final answers, making it suitable for applications requiring explainability or verification. This is implemented through training on reasoning-annotated data and prompt patterns that encourage step-by-step decomposition.
Unique: Chain-of-thought reasoning is trained directly into the model rather than implemented as a decoding strategy; the model learns to generate reasoning steps as part of its core training objective
vs alternatives: More natural and coherent reasoning steps than prompt-injection approaches (e.g., appending 'think step by step') because reasoning is learned as a first-class capability
GLM-4.5 supports multiple languages (Chinese, English, and others) with training that enables cross-lingual reasoning — understanding concepts expressed in one language and reasoning about them in another. The model can translate, summarize, and reason across languages without language-specific degradation. This is particularly valuable for global applications and agents that must operate in multilingual environments.
Unique: Cross-lingual reasoning is learned from multilingual training data rather than implemented as separate language-specific models; the model develops a shared representation across languages
vs alternatives: More efficient than maintaining separate models per language because a single model handles all languages; better for cross-lingual reasoning than language-specific models because the shared representation enables concept transfer
+3 more capabilities