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| Quality | 0 | 0 |
| Ecosystem | 0 | 0 |
| Match Graph | 0 | 0 |
| Pricing | Paid | Paid |
| Starting Price | $9.00e-8 per prompt token | $6.00e-7 per prompt token |
| Capabilities | 8 decomposed | 11 decomposed |
| Times Matched | 0 | 0 |
Generates text using a 309B-parameter Mixture-of-Experts architecture that activates only 15B parameters per token, routing inputs through learned gating networks to specialized expert sub-models. This sparse activation pattern reduces computational cost during inference while maintaining model capacity through conditional expert selection, enabling efficient token generation for long-context conversations and multi-turn dialogue without full model computation.
Unique: Implements hybrid attention architecture with 309B total parameters but only 15B active per forward pass through learned expert routing, achieving dense-model quality with sparse-model efficiency — a design choice that balances model capacity against computational cost more aggressively than standard dense models or simpler MoE approaches
vs alternatives: Delivers faster inference and lower memory requirements than dense 309B models like LLaMA-3 while maintaining comparable quality through expert specialization, and outperforms simpler MoE designs by using hybrid attention patterns that preserve long-range dependencies
Processes input sequences using a hybrid attention architecture that combines local (windowed) attention for nearby tokens with sparse global attention for distant dependencies, reducing quadratic attention complexity to near-linear while preserving long-range semantic relationships. This pattern enables efficient processing of longer contexts than standard dense attention while maintaining coherence across document-length inputs.
Unique: Combines local windowed attention with sparse global attention patterns rather than using standard dense or purely sparse approaches, enabling sub-quadratic scaling while preserving both local coherence and long-range semantic understanding — a hybrid design that trades off some theoretical optimality for practical performance across varied sequence lengths
vs alternatives: More efficient than dense attention for long contexts (linear vs. quadratic scaling) while maintaining better long-range coherence than purely local attention mechanisms like Longformer or BigBird
Generates coherent text across multiple languages (Chinese, English, and others) using a unified tokenizer and shared embedding space, enabling code-switching and cross-lingual reasoning without language-specific model branches. The model learns language-agnostic representations that allow seamless transitions between languages within a single generation pass.
Unique: Uses a single unified tokenizer and embedding space for multiple languages rather than language-specific tokenizers or separate model branches, enabling implicit code-switching and cross-lingual reasoning within a single forward pass — a design choice that prioritizes seamless multilingual handling over language-specific optimization
vs alternatives: Simpler and faster than multi-model approaches (no language detection or routing overhead) and more natural for code-switching than models with separate language branches, though potentially less optimized per-language than specialized models like ChatGLM
Delivers generated text incrementally via HTTP streaming endpoints (compatible with OpenRouter), returning tokens as they are produced rather than waiting for full completion. This pattern enables real-time display of model output, reduces perceived latency in user-facing applications, and allows clients to interrupt generation early if needed.
Unique: Exposes streaming inference through standard HTTP/REST endpoints via OpenRouter rather than requiring WebSocket connections or custom protocols, leveraging server-sent events (SSE) for compatibility with standard web infrastructure — a design choice that prioritizes simplicity and broad client compatibility over custom optimization
vs alternatives: More accessible than custom streaming protocols (works with any HTTP client) and more efficient than polling for completion status, though potentially higher latency per token than optimized WebSocket implementations
Processes multiple prompts or requests in batches through the OpenRouter API, amortizing overhead costs and potentially receiving volume-based pricing discounts. Batch processing groups requests together for efficient GPU utilization and reduced per-token costs compared to individual request handling.
Unique: Leverages OpenRouter's batch processing infrastructure to group requests for efficient GPU utilization and volume pricing, rather than requiring custom batching logic or direct model access — a design choice that trades latency for cost efficiency through provider-level batching
vs alternatives: Simpler than managing your own batching infrastructure and more cost-effective than individual request processing, though slower than real-time inference and dependent on provider batch pricing implementation
Maintains and processes multi-turn conversation history to generate contextually appropriate responses that reference previous exchanges, user preferences, and established context. The model uses attention mechanisms to weight relevant historical context and avoid repetition or contradiction with earlier statements in the conversation.
Unique: Processes conversation history through the same hybrid attention mechanism as single-turn inputs, allowing the model to selectively attend to relevant historical context while maintaining efficiency through sparse attention patterns — a design choice that enables long conversations without quadratic memory scaling
vs alternatives: More efficient for long conversations than models without sparse attention (linear vs. quadratic scaling) while maintaining better context awareness than simple sliding-window approaches that discard older turns
Accepts system prompts and instruction-based conditioning to guide response generation toward specific styles, formats, or behaviors. The model uses the system prompt as a high-priority context that influences token generation throughout the response, enabling role-playing, format specification, and behavioral constraints without fine-tuning.
Unique: Integrates system prompt conditioning into the attention mechanism so that system instructions influence token selection throughout generation rather than just at the beginning, enabling more consistent instruction-following than models that treat system prompts as simple context — a design choice that prioritizes behavioral consistency
vs alternatives: More reliable instruction-following than models without explicit system prompt support, though less guaranteed than fine-tuned models and dependent on prompt engineering quality
Generates text that conforms to specified JSON schemas or structured formats through prompt-based guidance or constrained decoding, enabling reliable extraction of structured data from unstructured inputs. The model uses schema information to bias token generation toward valid outputs that match the specified structure.
Unique: Uses prompt-based schema guidance rather than hard constrained decoding, allowing flexibility in output format while biasing toward valid structures — a design choice that trades format guarantees for generation quality and flexibility
vs alternatives: More flexible than constrained decoding approaches (can generate creative variations within schema) but less reliable than models with hard output constraints, and simpler to implement than custom grammar-based decoding
GLM-4.5 uses a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture to dynamically route tokens through specialized expert networks based on input characteristics, enabling efficient processing of 128k-token contexts without proportional latency increases. The MoE design allows selective expert activation per token, reducing computational overhead while maintaining reasoning depth across extended conversations and multi-document analysis tasks typical of agent-based workflows.
Unique: Mixture-of-Experts routing specifically tuned for agent workloads rather than generic dense models; expert activation patterns are optimized for tool-use sequences and multi-step reasoning rather than general language tasks
vs alternatives: Outperforms dense models like GPT-4 Turbo on agent tasks within 128k context by routing computational budget to relevant experts, reducing latency and cost vs. models that process all tokens through identical layers
GLM-4.5 implements native function calling through a schema-based registry where tools are defined as JSON schemas with parameter constraints, type validation, and description metadata. The model learns to emit structured tool invocations that map directly to function signatures, enabling deterministic tool orchestration without post-processing or regex parsing. Integration with OpenRouter's API exposes this via standard function-calling parameters compatible with OpenAI's format.
Unique: Schema-based function calling is trained directly into the model weights rather than implemented as post-hoc decoding constraints, allowing the model to learn semantic relationships between tool purposes and input context during training
vs alternatives: More reliable than constraint-based function calling (e.g., Guidance, LMQL) because tool selection is learned rather than enforced, reducing parsing failures and enabling the model to reason about tool applicability
Z.ai: GLM 4.5 scores higher at 24/100 vs Xiaomi: MiMo-V2-Flash at 23/100.
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GLM-4.5 can be used for batch inference through OpenRouter's API, enabling cost-optimized processing of large numbers of requests. Batch processing typically offers reduced pricing compared to real-time API calls and is suitable for non-urgent inference tasks. The model can process batches of prompts efficiently, with results returned after processing completes. This is valuable for agents running scheduled tasks or processing large datasets.
Unique: Batch processing is offered through OpenRouter's unified API rather than a separate batch service, enabling seamless switching between real-time and batch modes with the same client code
vs alternatives: More cost-effective than real-time API for high-volume inference; simpler than managing separate batch infrastructure because OpenRouter handles queuing and result delivery
GLM-4.5 maintains coherent conversation state across turns by encoding prior messages into a compressed representation that persists within the 128k context window. The model uses attention mechanisms to selectively retrieve relevant prior context, enabling agents to reference earlier decisions, tool results, and user preferences without explicit memory management. This is particularly effective for agent workflows where state accumulation (e.g., task progress, discovered facts) must inform subsequent actions.
Unique: Implicit memory management through attention-based context selection rather than explicit memory modules; the model learns which prior turns are relevant without separate retrieval or summarization steps
vs alternatives: More efficient than explicit memory systems (e.g., LangChain's ConversationBufferMemory) because attention is computed once during inference rather than requiring separate retrieval and summarization passes
GLM-4.5 generates code across 40+ programming languages by leveraging training data that includes diverse codebases and syntax patterns. The model understands language-specific idioms, library conventions, and structural patterns (e.g., async/await in JavaScript, type hints in Python, generics in Java) without explicit language-specific modules. Generation is context-aware, respecting indentation, existing code style, and project conventions when completing or extending code snippets.
Unique: Language-agnostic code generation trained on diverse codebases rather than language-specific fine-tuning; the model generalizes syntax patterns across languages, enabling reasonable code generation even for less common languages
vs alternatives: Broader language coverage than specialized models like Codex (which emphasizes Python/JavaScript) but lower quality on niche languages compared to language-specific models; better for polyglot teams than single-language specialists
GLM-4.5 is trained on extensive technical documentation, API references, and code examples, enabling it to understand and reason about complex technical concepts, library APIs, and system architectures. The model can parse API schemas (OpenAPI, GraphQL, Protocol Buffers), understand parameter constraints and type systems, and generate code that correctly uses APIs based on documentation. This is particularly valuable for agent workflows that must interact with external systems.
Unique: Semantic understanding of API schemas and documentation is learned from training data rather than implemented as a separate schema parser; the model reasons about API semantics holistically
vs alternatives: More flexible than code-generation-only models because it understands API semantics and can reason about correctness; better than generic LLMs for technical tasks because training includes extensive API documentation
GLM-4.5 can generate responses that explicitly show reasoning steps, enabling transparency into how conclusions were reached. When prompted with chain-of-thought patterns, the model generates intermediate reasoning steps before final answers, making it suitable for applications requiring explainability or verification. This is implemented through training on reasoning-annotated data and prompt patterns that encourage step-by-step decomposition.
Unique: Chain-of-thought reasoning is trained directly into the model rather than implemented as a decoding strategy; the model learns to generate reasoning steps as part of its core training objective
vs alternatives: More natural and coherent reasoning steps than prompt-injection approaches (e.g., appending 'think step by step') because reasoning is learned as a first-class capability
GLM-4.5 supports multiple languages (Chinese, English, and others) with training that enables cross-lingual reasoning — understanding concepts expressed in one language and reasoning about them in another. The model can translate, summarize, and reason across languages without language-specific degradation. This is particularly valuable for global applications and agents that must operate in multilingual environments.
Unique: Cross-lingual reasoning is learned from multilingual training data rather than implemented as separate language-specific models; the model develops a shared representation across languages
vs alternatives: More efficient than maintaining separate models per language because a single model handles all languages; better for cross-lingual reasoning than language-specific models because the shared representation enables concept transfer
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